Managers play a key role in the restructuring and transformation of economic structures in transitional countries. It is therefore not surprising that they are at the centre of attention for experts and others as well.

Directive behaviour had a negative effect, and supportive had a positive effect on team cohesiveness. The negative effect of directive leadership styles was stronger in individualistic cultures. Directive behaviours are key to developing competence in others.

Professional learning communities require a different form of leadership, one that mobilizes teacher participation and shares both decision making and accountability among educational stakeholders. This perspective of school leadership is coherent with the conceptual style proposed by Alan Rowe. Professional development should include modelling and demonstrating instructional practices and lessons. Teachers need good instructional support materials, along with diagnostic tools and research information.